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	<title>Comments for Levuka History and Timeline</title>
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	<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>History and genealogy of the port of Levuka, Fiji 1700 to 1900; migration of indentured labour from India, slavery, blackbirding, cannbalism; trade - sandalwood, beche-de-mer, coconut oil; traders, planters, missonaries; shipping - sailing, wooden ship-building</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 01:38:12 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Comment on 92 Muslims arrived from India on the sailing ship &#8220;Leonidas&#8221; to Levuka: Sunni Buddha Khan leads azzan by shabreen</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-48</link>
		<dc:creator>shabreen</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2008 09:18:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-48</guid>
		<description>Thanks....pls if anyone have a copy of his photo pls let me know or flick me a photo. thanks</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks&#8230;.pls if anyone have a copy of his photo pls let me know or flick me a photo. thanks</p>
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		<title>Comment on This site aims to provide a Levuka timeline structure for the period 1700 - 1880 by levuka</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/about/#comment-47</link>
		<dc:creator>levuka</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:52:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">#comment-47</guid>
		<description>Hello Geoff
Many thanks for your thoughts.  You say "To record things in ones own understanding of time is to do a disservice to all our ancestors but is also good to renew understandings lost." 
Yes.. I agree. The older I get the less I know. I think you aim to teach me something I do not understand? If so please can you give me more information. Do you ask the question "what is slavery? Does it mean the same as 'blackbirding", and suggest,  'slavery' may have another cultural meaning... not expressed on this site? 
Alas I don't know Fijian and will have to resort to a dictionary to translate your comments; I will do that tomorrow.  
You ask me to "please refrain from isolating over another puru".  (puru-puru ‘star, firefly’ ?). Alas,  I am four generations separated from my Pacific ancestor, and only know about ten words of Fijian. 

To follow the night sky theme, on home front, Matariki (Pleiades) has risen, and my small contribution to the stars, the sun and the moon this year,  was to plant some old fashioned hollyhock seeds. They are flat seeds, like little plates; I planted these a week ago, and watered, covered them with transparent container which once had supermarket kumera in it) . The little hollyhocks have have sprouted already and I find it refreshes me to go and gaze at these little seeds, as they grow. First, the plate splits into two; and a pure white root points into the air; by the next day it has curved down, into the earth, and   develops a fur of tiny rootlets. By the third day the rootlet has fixed itself into the earth, and then it lifts the seed plate into the air; and two crumpled green plate-shaped leaves split out of the plate, until the two sides of the plate are just a discarded attachment which cling to the one leaf, and by the fourth day, drop off; and the two circular  leaves grow toward the sun.  
Not sure what this has to do with Levuka.  But things grow from small beginings.  These hollyhock seeds may grow more than two meters tall, I hope. This site is like that. A small seed.  
I  am so pleased to hear from you. I understand you have a case to argue; and you feel I have made a wrong turn in my interpretation? if so, please can you explain.  Also - do you have any dated family events you would would like to add to the Levuka Timeline?  Your family history would add depth; its intended as a community project.    
Levuka</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hello Geoff<br />
Many thanks for your thoughts.  You say &#8220;To record things in ones own understanding of time is to do a disservice to all our ancestors but is also good to renew understandings lost.&#8221;<br />
Yes.. I agree. The older I get the less I know. I think you aim to teach me something I do not understand? If so please can you give me more information. Do you ask the question &#8220;what is slavery? Does it mean the same as &#8216;blackbirding&#8221;, and suggest,  &#8217;slavery&#8217; may have another cultural meaning&#8230; not expressed on this site?<br />
Alas I don&#8217;t know Fijian and will have to resort to a dictionary to translate your comments; I will do that tomorrow.<br />
You ask me to &#8220;please refrain from isolating over another puru&#8221;.  (puru-puru ‘star, firefly’ ?). Alas,  I am four generations separated from my Pacific ancestor, and only know about ten words of Fijian. </p>
<p>To follow the night sky theme, on home front, Matariki (Pleiades) has risen, and my small contribution to the stars, the sun and the moon this year,  was to plant some old fashioned hollyhock seeds. They are flat seeds, like little plates; I planted these a week ago, and watered, covered them with transparent container which once had supermarket kumera in it) . The little hollyhocks have have sprouted already and I find it refreshes me to go and gaze at these little seeds, as they grow. First, the plate splits into two; and a pure white root points into the air; by the next day it has curved down, into the earth, and   develops a fur of tiny rootlets. By the third day the rootlet has fixed itself into the earth, and then it lifts the seed plate into the air; and two crumpled green plate-shaped leaves split out of the plate, until the two sides of the plate are just a discarded attachment which cling to the one leaf, and by the fourth day, drop off; and the two circular  leaves grow toward the sun.<br />
Not sure what this has to do with Levuka.  But things grow from small beginings.  These hollyhock seeds may grow more than two meters tall, I hope. This site is like that. A small seed.<br />
I  am so pleased to hear from you. I understand you have a case to argue; and you feel I have made a wrong turn in my interpretation? if so, please can you explain.  Also - do you have any dated family events you would would like to add to the Levuka Timeline?  Your family history would add depth; its intended as a community project.<br />
Levuka</p>
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		<title>Comment on 92 Muslims arrived from India on the sailing ship &#8220;Leonidas&#8221; to Levuka: Sunni Buddha Khan leads azzan by levuka</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-46</link>
		<dc:creator>levuka</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:56:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-46</guid>
		<description>As a further note I believe the names of all the migrants are retained in ships lists held at Suva.  Levuka.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As a further note I believe the names of all the migrants are retained in ships lists held at Suva.  Levuka.</p>
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		<title>Comment on 92 Muslims arrived from India on the sailing ship &#8220;Leonidas&#8221; to Levuka: Sunni Buddha Khan leads azzan by levuka</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-45</link>
		<dc:creator>levuka</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:55:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-45</guid>
		<description>No, sorry I have no photo, but perhaps some one else has?  It would prove of high interest to many Khans in Fiji and India.  I will see what I can find, and invite anyone with more information to suggest a research trail.  Levuka.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>No, sorry I have no photo, but perhaps some one else has?  It would prove of high interest to many Khans in Fiji and India.  I will see what I can find, and invite anyone with more information to suggest a research trail.  Levuka.</p>
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		<title>Comment on 92 Muslims arrived from India on the sailing ship &#8220;Leonidas&#8221; to Levuka: Sunni Buddha Khan leads azzan by shabreen</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-44</link>
		<dc:creator>shabreen</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 10:18:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/92-muslims-arrived-from-india-on-the-sailing-ship-leonidas-to-levuka-sunni-buddha-khan-leads-azzan/#comment-44</guid>
		<description>do you have a photo of buddha khan</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>do you have a photo of buddha khan</p>
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		<title>Comment on This site aims to provide a Levuka timeline structure for the period 1700 - 1880 by geoffharman</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/about/#comment-43</link>
		<dc:creator>geoffharman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2008 13:57:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">#comment-43</guid>
		<description>just enjoying the words as my father grandfather and great grand father were born of levuka ovalau with many translated names through this pacific region. I am interested in the view as one sees it in these times in regard to the word 'blackbirding' which is a given word to those times...my understanding of what this word means in that time for my great grandfather and his brothers who were all known as the god people of old toga sega toka rewa time is bringing in the rest of there wider extended families from neighbouring shores as they were extended family with marital cross culture backgrounds going back centuries and centuries. To record things in ones own understanding of time is to do a deservice to all our ancestors but is also good to renew understandings lost. To provide for ones family in all ways by giving toktok was custom rite and tradition as it feeds all members of the human family. 'Blackbirding' per se was just a new cultural envy factor at that time when the competitive edge is lost to the new vision resources of that time without cultural understanding of the friendly societies. It is not slavery to feed and enjoy the friendship of your fellow families or their offspring or gifted volunteers so that they may feed themselves and learn the ways of the new arrivals in vaka 'australus' when times a prosperous for you and less so for those on the extremities of the ancient navigation routes. Look to the night sky on a clear night before one chooses to discount something as clear as the truth. Temese ta bu noa a ti Kau a pa Finau o Ma'afu Po Male a Toga a ki pakia Ike avai'i Amani Kau Tama Ta'aroa. Na mothey ika Rotuman a Ra Panui na Ahoeitu. Please refrain from isolating over another puru.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>just enjoying the words as my father grandfather and great grand father were born of levuka ovalau with many translated names through this pacific region. I am interested in the view as one sees it in these times in regard to the word &#8216;blackbirding&#8217; which is a given word to those times&#8230;my understanding of what this word means in that time for my great grandfather and his brothers who were all known as the god people of old toga sega toka rewa time is bringing in the rest of there wider extended families from neighbouring shores as they were extended family with marital cross culture backgrounds going back centuries and centuries. To record things in ones own understanding of time is to do a deservice to all our ancestors but is also good to renew understandings lost. To provide for ones family in all ways by giving toktok was custom rite and tradition as it feeds all members of the human family. &#8216;Blackbirding&#8217; per se was just a new cultural envy factor at that time when the competitive edge is lost to the new vision resources of that time without cultural understanding of the friendly societies. It is not slavery to feed and enjoy the friendship of your fellow families or their offspring or gifted volunteers so that they may feed themselves and learn the ways of the new arrivals in vaka &#8216;australus&#8217; when times a prosperous for you and less so for those on the extremities of the ancient navigation routes. Look to the night sky on a clear night before one chooses to discount something as clear as the truth. Temese ta bu noa a ti Kau a pa Finau o Ma&#8217;afu Po Male a Toga a ki pakia Ike avai&#8217;i Amani Kau Tama Ta&#8217;aroa. Na mothey ika Rotuman a Ra Panui na Ahoeitu. Please refrain from isolating over another puru.</p>
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		<title>Comment on This site aims to provide a Levuka timeline structure for the period 1700 - 1880 by sauca</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/about/#comment-42</link>
		<dc:creator>sauca</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2008 05:37:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">#comment-42</guid>
		<description>Bula vinaka Levuka

I just stumbled on to this site this afternoon and wotta delight to read stories pre and post Deed of Cession. I'd love to hear and know more. I'm a descendant of one of the signatories and am sharing with my family a picture posted of our ancestor.

Thank you and this has certainly sparked my interest to research more into the history of all signatories and their direct descendants.

Vinaka
Sauca</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bula vinaka Levuka</p>
<p>I just stumbled on to this site this afternoon and wotta delight to read stories pre and post Deed of Cession. I&#8217;d love to hear and know more. I&#8217;m a descendant of one of the signatories and am sharing with my family a picture posted of our ancestor.</p>
<p>Thank you and this has certainly sparked my interest to research more into the history of all signatories and their direct descendants.</p>
<p>Vinaka<br />
Sauca</p>
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		<title>Comment on 1861: Photo of Maafu, and Nacagilevu, on board the HMS Pelorus at Levuka by sauca</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2008/01/16/1861-photo-of-maafu-and-ritova-on-board-the-hms-pelorus-at-levuka/#comment-41</link>
		<dc:creator>sauca</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2008 05:07:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/2008/01/16/1861-photo-of-maafu-and-ritova-on-board-the-hms-pelorus-at-levuka/#comment-41</guid>
		<description>Hi, are there any more pictures of the 1874 Fiji Deed of Cession and are there other materials related to it.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi, are there any more pictures of the 1874 Fiji Deed of Cession and are there other materials related to it.</p>
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		<title>Comment on 1883: Burns, Philp &#38; Company Limited incorporated in Sydney by cliavaa</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/1883-burns-philp-company-limited-incorporated-in-sydney/#comment-40</link>
		<dc:creator>cliavaa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 Apr 2008 04:38:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://levuka.wordpress.com/?p=190#comment-40</guid>
		<description>Dear Levuka, I have quite a lot of information about Levuka which I would be happy to add to your timeline. How do I do it?
                        Christine</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dear Levuka, I have quite a lot of information about Levuka which I would be happy to add to your timeline. How do I do it?<br />
                        Christine</p>
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		<title>Comment on This site aims to provide a Levuka timeline structure for the period 1700 - 1880 by levuka</title>
		<link>http://levuka.wordpress.com/about/#comment-35</link>
		<dc:creator>levuka</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 10 Feb 2008 02:47:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">#comment-35</guid>
		<description>Bula Vinaka Dionesia,

Thanks again for your interest. I read your local story, and I was impressed your clear style.

I will email you separately to talk about your ftuture stories.

Some general comments: 

It appears your editor has decided your readers have a high interest in Levuka!   That's good news.   I flew Air Pacific, when I visited Levuka. I was interested to notice that staff  of Air Pac spoke to me in Fijian, but to other in English - as if they presumed I was Fijian. Alas, I don't speak the language, yet.  

So, my genes must look a little bit Fijian. But, in Australia, people guess I come from Japanese or Chinese heritage. That's of interest, as new DNA-mapping research shows a general genetic- flow to the Pacific from South China, to the Indonesian islands in the Mollucca area, then, some mixing with inland upland, plus coastal Melanesian genes from, PNG, then a gene-flow to Santa Cruz, and, from there a dispersion to  Pacific ocean islands. 

I would have certainly used a Family History centre if it was available in Levuka. Like many others, I would also willingly act a a volunteer for such a center, and  to gather and publish grave records.   

You probably know "family history' forms one of the most-searched topics on the internet.  My own small, Levuka family history site, for example has had almost 10,000 access-hits since it started it about four months ago. The interest comes from all over the world.  A fair volume appears to come from India, with people seeking family history related to indentured labour. 

The volume tends to spike mid-week - in "sets' of topics -;  'measles', 'cotton', 'slave trade' - which suggests - perhaps ,  use by students at school, or universities, for set-topics.  

 I also find surges of access occur when another site references a story;  for example -  lots of hits on 'Tonga canoe history' since a Tonga Association in New Zealand reposted a Tonga history item with a link, to Levuka.wordpress.com. 

On Levuka.wordpress.com  I aim not present my own opinions, but to abstract from referenced sources.

On the islands, gene-sets multiplied in isolated islands and evolved into nations and cultures.   The question of how and when the mixing occured - deliberate sea-journey, shipwrecks, warfare, slave trading - occupies this blog.

Anecdotally, the idea of genetic flow from China, via Indonesia, and PNG, seems to have attracted some support, before the gene-maps were created.  For example John G Paton in his "The True Story of Thirty Years Among South Seas, Cannibals" undated, but around 1862,  (a book I will abstract soon, for this site) - said, then it was common knowledge that those on Tanna came from a Melanesia culture and language, and  people on the nearby island, of Aniwa were of a Malaysian culture and spoke Malay. 

He also records a terrible story of how one boatload of sandwood cutters deliberately infected and killed one third of the population of Tanna, with measles.   I will post that soon, as the site gets a lot of hits with queries about disease and epidemics in Pacific history.

I also observe records show many western-shipwrecks in the Pacific from 1600, so all sorts of genes may have added to the mix. The site also gets a heap of hits from people searching for information on ships, by name and date. So I see a lot of interest in sailing-ships and canoe history.

Another book I plan to abstract soon, has proposed the idea of a cultural and language connection between the Molluca island of Ambon and the New Zealand Maori. (Julius Tahija,  Horizon, Beyond, 1995),  He wrote the book after he retired as chair of Caltex Pacific. Julius Tahija was Melanesian-Indonesian, raised in Surabaya. In the second World War he spent time in Sulawesi, Ambon and Ternate. He married a pakeha-Australian; defected from the Dutch army to the Indonesian nationalist cause; and - talk of cultural mixing!  - they named their first son Sjakon, the Sanskrit name of a 17th Century Ambonese freedom-fighter called Captain Jonker. 

Thanks for the link.  Talk to you again soon.

Levuka</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bula Vinaka Dionesia,</p>
<p>Thanks again for your interest. I read your local story, and I was impressed your clear style.</p>
<p>I will email you separately to talk about your ftuture stories.</p>
<p>Some general comments: </p>
<p>It appears your editor has decided your readers have a high interest in Levuka!   That&#8217;s good news.   I flew Air Pacific, when I visited Levuka. I was interested to notice that staff  of Air Pac spoke to me in Fijian, but to other in English - as if they presumed I was Fijian. Alas, I don&#8217;t speak the language, yet.  </p>
<p>So, my genes must look a little bit Fijian. But, in Australia, people guess I come from Japanese or Chinese heritage. That&#8217;s of interest, as new DNA-mapping research shows a general genetic- flow to the Pacific from South China, to the Indonesian islands in the Mollucca area, then, some mixing with inland upland, plus coastal Melanesian genes from, PNG, then a gene-flow to Santa Cruz, and, from there a dispersion to  Pacific ocean islands. </p>
<p>I would have certainly used a Family History centre if it was available in Levuka. Like many others, I would also willingly act a a volunteer for such a center, and  to gather and publish grave records.   </p>
<p>You probably know &#8220;family history&#8217; forms one of the most-searched topics on the internet.  My own small, Levuka family history site, for example has had almost 10,000 access-hits since it started it about four months ago. The interest comes from all over the world.  A fair volume appears to come from India, with people seeking family history related to indentured labour. </p>
<p>The volume tends to spike mid-week - in &#8220;sets&#8217; of topics -;  &#8216;measles&#8217;, &#8216;cotton&#8217;, &#8217;slave trade&#8217; - which suggests - perhaps ,  use by students at school, or universities, for set-topics.  </p>
<p> I also find surges of access occur when another site references a story;  for example -  lots of hits on &#8216;Tonga canoe history&#8217; since a Tonga Association in New Zealand reposted a Tonga history item with a link, to Levuka.wordpress.com. </p>
<p>On Levuka.wordpress.com  I aim not present my own opinions, but to abstract from referenced sources.</p>
<p>On the islands, gene-sets multiplied in isolated islands and evolved into nations and cultures.   The question of how and when the mixing occured - deliberate sea-journey, shipwrecks, warfare, slave trading - occupies this blog.</p>
<p>Anecdotally, the idea of genetic flow from China, via Indonesia, and PNG, seems to have attracted some support, before the gene-maps were created.  For example John G Paton in his &#8220;The True Story of Thirty Years Among South Seas, Cannibals&#8221; undated, but around 1862,  (a book I will abstract soon, for this site) - said, then it was common knowledge that those on Tanna came from a Melanesia culture and language, and  people on the nearby island, of Aniwa were of a Malaysian culture and spoke Malay. </p>
<p>He also records a terrible story of how one boatload of sandwood cutters deliberately infected and killed one third of the population of Tanna, with measles.   I will post that soon, as the site gets a lot of hits with queries about disease and epidemics in Pacific history.</p>
<p>I also observe records show many western-shipwrecks in the Pacific from 1600, so all sorts of genes may have added to the mix. The site also gets a heap of hits from people searching for information on ships, by name and date. So I see a lot of interest in sailing-ships and canoe history.</p>
<p>Another book I plan to abstract soon, has proposed the idea of a cultural and language connection between the Molluca island of Ambon and the New Zealand Maori. (Julius Tahija,  Horizon, Beyond, 1995),  He wrote the book after he retired as chair of Caltex Pacific. Julius Tahija was Melanesian-Indonesian, raised in Surabaya. In the second World War he spent time in Sulawesi, Ambon and Ternate. He married a pakeha-Australian; defected from the Dutch army to the Indonesian nationalist cause; and - talk of cultural mixing!  - they named their first son Sjakon, the Sanskrit name of a 17th Century Ambonese freedom-fighter called Captain Jonker. </p>
<p>Thanks for the link.  Talk to you again soon.</p>
<p>Levuka</p>
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